Your First Go Code

How to Write Go Code

Introduction Code organization GOPATH and workspaces Import paths Package names Building and installing Building a package Building a command Testing Remote packages Further reading

Introduction

This document demonstrates the development of a simple Go package and introduces the go command, the standard way to fetch, build, and install Go packages and commands.

Code organization

GOPATH and workspaces

One of Go's design goals is to make writing software easier. To that end, the go command doesn't use Makefiles or other configuration files to guide program construction. Instead, it uses the source code to find dependencies and determine build conditions. This means your source code and build scripts are always in sync; they are one and the same.

The one thing you must do is set a GOPATH environment variable. GOPATH tells the go command (and other related tools) where to find and install the Go packages on your system.

GOPATH is a list of paths. It shares the syntax of your system's PATH environment variable. A typical GOPATH on a Unix system might look like this:

GOPATH=/home/user/ext:/home/user/mygo

(On a Windows system use semicolons as the path separator instead of colons.)

Each path in the list (in this case /home/user/ext or /home/user/mygo) specifies the location of a workspace. A workspace contains Go source files and their associated package objects, and command executables. It has a prescribed structure of three subdirectories:

• src contains Go source files,
• pkg contains compiled package objects, and
• bin contains executable commands.

Subdirectories of the src directory hold independent packages, and all source files (.go, .c, .h, and .s) in each subdirectory are elements of that subdirectory's package.

When building a program that imports the package "widget" the go command looks for src/pkg/widget inside the Go root, and then—if the package source isn't found there—it searches for src/widget inside each workspace in order.

Multiple workspaces can offer some flexibility and convenience, but for now we'll concern ourselves with only a single workspace.

Let's work through a simple example. First, create a $HOME/mygo directory and its src subdirectory:

$ mkdir -p $HOME/mygo/src # create a place to put source code

Next, set it as the GOPATH. You should also add the bin subdirectory to your PATH environment variable so that you can run the commands therein without specifying their full path. To do this, add the following lines to $HOME/.profile (or equivalent):

export GOPATH=$HOME/mygo
export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/mygo/bin

Import paths

The standard packages are given short import paths such as "fmt" and "net/http" for convenience. For your own projects, it is important to choose a base import path that is unlikely to collide with future additions to the standard library or other external libraries.

The best way to choose an import path is to use the location of your version control repository. For instance, if your source repository is at example.com or code.google.com/p/example, you should begin your package paths with that URL, as in "example.com/foo/bar" or "code.google.com/p/example/foo/bar". Using this convention, the go command can automatically check out and build the source code by its import path alone.

If you don't intend to install your code in this way, you should at least use a unique prefix like "widgets/", as in "widgets/foo/bar". A good rule is to use a prefix such as your company or project name, since it is unlikely to be used by another group.

We'll use example/ as our base import path:

$ mkdir -p $GOPATH/src/example

Package names

The first statement in a Go source file should be

package name

where name is the package's default name for imports. (All files in a package must use the same name.)

Go's convention is that the package name is the last element of the import path: the package imported as "crypto/rot13" should be named rot13. There is no requirement that package names be unique across all packages linked into a single binary, only that the import paths (their full file names) be unique.

Create a new package under example called newmath:

$ cd $GOPATH/src/example
$ mkdir newmath

Then create a file named $GOPATH/src/example/newmath/sqrt.go containing the following Go code:

// Package newmath is a trivial example package.
package newmath

// Sqrt returns an approximation to the square root of x.
func Sqrt(x float64) float64 {
        // This is a terrible implementation.
        // Real code should import "math" and use math.Sqrt.
        z := 0.0
        for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
                z -= (z*z - x) / (2 * x)
        }
        return z
}

This package is imported by the path name of the directory it's in, starting after the src component:

import "example/newmath"

See Effective Go to learn more about Go's naming conventions.

Building and installing

The go command comprises several subcommands, the most central being install. Running go install importpath builds and installs a package and its dependencies.

To "install a package" means to write the package object or executable command to the pkg or bin subdirectory of the workspace in which the source resides.

Building a package

To build and install the newmath package, type

$ go install example/newmath

This command will produce no output if the package and its dependencies are built and installed correctly.

As a convenience, the go command will assume the current directory if no import path is specified on the command line. This sequence of commands has the same affect as the one above:

$ cd $GOPATH/src/example/newmath
$ go install

The resulting workspace directory tree (assuming we're running Linux on a 64-bit system) looks like this:

pkg/
    linux_amd64/
        example/
            newmath.a  # package object
src/
    example/
        newmath/
            sqrt.go    # package source

Building a command

The go command treats code belonging to package main as an executable command and installs the package binary to the GOPATH's bin subdirectory.

Add a command named hello to the source tree. First create the example/hello directory:

$ cd $GOPATH/src/example
$ mkdir hello

Then create the file $GOPATH/src/example/hello/hello.go containing the following Go code.

// Hello is a trivial example of a main package.
package main

import (
        "example/newmath"
        "fmt"
)

func main() {
        fmt.Printf("Hello, world.  Sqrt(2) = %v\n", newmath.Sqrt(2))
}

Next, run go install, which builds and installs the binary to $GOPATH/bin:

$ go install example/hello

To run the program, invoke it by name as you would any other command:

$ $GOPATH/bin/hello
Hello, world.  Sqrt(2) = 1.414213562373095

If you added $HOME/mygo/bin to your PATH, you may omit the path to the executable:

$ hello
Hello, world.  Sqrt(2) = 1.414213562373095

The workspace directory tree now looks like this:

bin/
    hello              # command executable
pkg/
    linux_amd64/ 
        example/
            newmath.a  # package object
src/
    example/
        hello/
            hello.go   # command source
        newmath/
            sqrt.go    # package source

The go command also provides a build command, which is like install except it builds all objects in a temporary directory and does not install them under pkg or bin. When building a command an executable named after the last element of the import path is written to the current directory. When building a package, go build serves merely to test that the package and its dependencies can be built. (The resulting package object is thrown away.)

Testing

Go has a lightweight test framework composed of the go test command and the testing package.

You write a test by creating a file with a name ending in _test.go that contains functions named TestXXX with signature func (t *testing.T). The test framework runs each such function; if the function calls a failure function such as t.Error or t.Fail, the test is considered to have failed.

Add a test to the newmath package by creating the file $GOPATH/src/example/newmath/sqrt_test.go containing the following Go code.

package newmath

import "testing"

func TestSqrt(t *testing.T) {
 const in, out = 9, 3
 if x := Sqrt(in); x != out {
  t.Errorf("Sqrt(%v) = %v, want %v", in, x, out)
        }
}

Now run the test with go test:

$ go test example/newmath
ok   example/newmath

Run go help test and see the testing package documentation for more detail.

Remote packages

An import path can describe how to obtain the package source code using a revision control system such as Git or Mercurial. The go command uses this property to automatically fetch packages from remote repositories. For instance, the examples described in this document are also kept in a Mercurial repository hosted at Google Code,code.google.com/p/go.example. If you include the repository URL in the package's import path, go get will fetch, build, and install it automatically:

$ go get code.google.com/p/go.example/hello
$ $GOPATH/bin/hello
Hello, world.  Sqrt(2) = 1.414213562373095

If the specified package is not present in a workspace, go get will place it inside the first workspace specified by GOPATH. (If the package does already exist, go get skips the remote fetch and behaves the same as go install.)

After issuing the above go get command, the workspace directory tree should now now look like this:

bin/
    hello                 # command executable
pkg/
    linux_amd64/ 
        code.google.com/p/go.example/
            newmath.a     # package object
        example/
            newmath.a     # package object
src/
    code.google.com/p/go.example/
        hello/
            hello.go      # command source
        newmath/
            sqrt.go       # package source
            sqrt_test.go  # test source
    example/
        hello/
            hello.go      # command source
        newmath/
            sqrt.go       # package source
            sqrt_test.go  # test source

The hello command hosted at Google Code depends on the newmath package within the same repository. The imports in hello.go file use the same import path convention, so the go get command is able to locate and install the dependent package, too.

import "code.google.com/p/go.example/newmath"

This convention is the easiest way to make your Go packages available for others to use. The Go Package Dashboard displays a list of packages recently installed with the gocommand.

For more information on using remote repositories with the go command, see go help remote.

Further reading

See Effective Go for tips on writing clear, idiomatic Go code.

Take A Tour of Go to learn the language proper.

Visit the documentation page for a set of in-depth articles about the Go language and its libraries and tools.

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